The retention of the PES membrane of centrifugal filter units is generally very low (e. 45 micron pore size, 90 mm diameter, pack of 25. Figure 2 displays the flux recovery ratio of all membranes. This low protein binding membrane filter is mainly used for sterilization filtration of biological proteins with low protein adsorption and covers pharmaceutical, water purification, food, and beverage industries. Milligard ® PES Cartridge Filter. Premium PES syringe filter with PVDF syringe filters for myoglobin samples at different concentrations. Millex-GP Syringe Filter Unit, 0. Depth filters typically remain opaque when wet as do some membrane filters, for example membranes made from polyethersulfone (PES). Sterli offers a range of PES membrane filters for tissue culture, life science, microbiology, and fluid applications. Catalogue Number. 5 kDa), this would be 1. GVS PES Filtration Membrane is naturally hydrophilic without added wetting agents. Milligard® PES membrane filter Benchmark prefilters (membrane pore size) PES sterilizing-grade membrane filter (membrane pore size) PVDF sterilizing-grade membrane filter (membrane pore size) Milligard® PES 1. 6 µm的绝对精度. From this study, nanocarbon. Designed to retain fine particles, bacteria, fungus in aqueous. 5–7. Triplicate 1 L water samples were filtered using five different 47 mm diameter membrane filters (PVDF, PES, GFF, PCTE, and NC) and DNA was extracted from triplicates of each filter-type using three widely-used extraction methods (the DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit, the MoBio PowerWater DNA Isolation kit, and standard phenol/chloroform. Introduction. 5 mL, 2–6 mL, 5–20 mL, and 20–100 mL concentrators is approximately 15 µL, 30 µL, 50 µL, and 350 µL, respectively. Available in single layer or dual layer options, these are absolute retention filters and offer excellent contaminant removal capacity. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 8 micron pore size, 200 x 200 mm sheets, pack of 5. 1 µm or 0. 5, 47, 63. The GVS PES (Polyethersulfone) Filtration Membrane is a naturally hydrophilic solution that offers a range of significant benefits. 22 µm were used - PC, CN, and PES membranes (Table 1) - for vacuum filtration (KNF Laboport® Vacuum Pump, N811KN. Receiver bottles feature easy grip sides for improved handling. 0. Membranes and media liquid. Hydrophilic, low protein/drug binding, minimal extractables, and broad chemical tolerance; ideal for pharmaceutical, medical, and life science applications. The polyethersulfone (PES) membrane filters have asymmetrical pore structure. When viewing the membrane with reflected light at low incidence angles, each side has a somewhat. Choose the right membrane to sterilize your liquids: Durapore PVDF Membrane. 2 micron pore size, 90 mm diameter, pack of 25. Filter Integrity Test Unit - Porecheck 4. 2. 2 micron pore size, 25 mm diameter, pack of 100. The NFP filter is a PVDF membrane with a pore structure and characteristics that enhance filtration efficiency for parvovirus removal in MAb processes,. The attachments are ideal for use with cell culture and serum-containing media, and asymmetrical hydrophilic membrane styles provide high flow rates. The filter capsules are available in a complete spectrum of sizes to simplify scale-up throughout each stage of the drug development process. Figure 5 shows that the process flux for the 10 cycles remained fairly constant. Legal Information. Membrane Characteristics: Each PoreCap® PES Capsule filter incorporates our high throughput hydrophilic PES membrane that offers excellent chemical compatibility and withstands a wide pH range. . 2 micron pore size, 13 mm diameter, pack of 100. 5 cm 2) of depth-filter media, followed by a final 0. For example, hydrophilic PVDF microporous membrane was found to be extremely inert and has. Membrane filters, Semi-permeable membranes, S-Pak Filters 0. EverLUX ® polyethersulfone (PES) filters are optimized for sterile filtration, prefiltration and clarification applications where exceptional capacity, low protein binding and absolute bacteria retention are required. 最小压降. Compare this item. PES Membrane. 2 μm membrane filter and related products for scientific research at MilliporeSigma. Compare this item. PES (Polyethersulfone) membrane is hydrophilic and constructed from Polyethersulfone polymer membrane. For comparison, a number of similar tests were also conducted on the commercially available membrane disc filters from Pall Corporation, NY: hydrophobic asymmetric Supor®-200 PES (diameter 90 mm, thickness 145 μm, nominal pore size 0. 2 or 0. The low protein binding PES membrane make these ideal for life science research applications, particularly where sample size is very small and recovery of a protein of interest is sought. 22 µm pore size fast flow PES Express PLUS membrane, with a 500 mL receiver flask for sterilizing tissue culture media, protein & DNA. We performed at least 4 independent isolations for. The GVS PES (Polyethersulfone) Filtration Membrane is a naturally hydrophilic solution that offers a range of significant benefits. Name A-Z; Name Z-A; Price L-H; Price H-L; BIAmaintenance Kit. With typical recoveries >95%, reverse spin technology enables you to maximize retrieval even with lowest volume samples. Due to the slightly asymmetric membrane structure, the PES surface almost behaves like a pre-filter and enables highest flow rates. Name A-Z. 2-µm LifeAssure PDA PES (3M Purification) membrane at a flow rate of 2 mL/min (0. 45 µm pes filter" within Products. This creates a filter with high throughput and fast flow. 001–0. Polystyrene Bottle Top Filters - Surfactant Free Cellulose Acetate Membrane Nalgene 292 Sterile Specially designed for use with reusable glass media storage bottles Fits size 1,000 mL bottles with standard 33 or 45 mm neck finish Contains a 90 mm SFCA membrane filter with 0. Thermo Scientific™ Nalgene™ Rapid-Flow™ single use bottle tops feature the exclusive Rapid-Flow support column design, providing fast flow rates and high throughput. They include cartridges and capsules are available in variety of sizes to suit all process scales. Description Membrane Pore Size (µm) Qty/Pk Catalogue No. They. Membranes and media gas. Thermo Scientific™ Nalgene™ Rapid-Flow™ single use bottle tops feature the exclusive Rapid-Flow support column. GVWP04700. Mlllex®-GP Filter Unit (Sterile) MSDS (material safety data sheet) or SDS, CoA and CoQ, dossiers, brochures and other available documents. Mlllex®-GP Filter Unit (Sterile) MSDS (material safety data sheet) or SDS, CoA and CoQ, dossiers, brochures and other available documents. Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane Pall proprietary 90 -98% Additives Pall proprietary 1 – 10% Positive-charged. Convenient storage of filtrate or concentrated sample in standard microfuge tube. Milligard ® PES filters contain two layers of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and reduce bioburden while providing broad chemical compatibility. 22 micron (μm). For a comprehensive assessment of all components, these types of studies could be expanded to include single-use consumables and components for mixing, fluid handling and storage1. View all products. Absolute ratings from 0. The Sartopore® Air Midisart® PES membrane filters outperform any PVDF filters easily. The unique asymmetric structure of Millipore Express ® PLUS membranes extends filtration capacity and lifetime, allowing them to tolerate higher particle loads and protein concentrations. (75 cm) Expand. Add 25 mL of PEG solution to each 100 mL of supernatant. The hydrophilic polyethersulfone membrane distinguishes itself by having an asymmetrically designed pore. (25 cm) Show Pricing & Availability relate to a membrane that may respond almost immediately to immersion in solvent. Overview of Non-Sterile Millex ® Syringe Filters with PES Membrane: • Non-sterile Millex syringe filters with Millipore Express PLUS polyethersulfone (PES) membrane provide fast filtration of aqueous and mild organic solutions. Low protein binding, high flow rate, less extractable material, สารผ่านได้เร็ว และยังมีคุณสมบัติการจับกับโปรตีนต่ำมาก เหมาะกับการกรอง Media , FBS. Millex-GP filters are recommended for sterile filtering protein solutions, tissue culture media, buffers and additives. They remove the need for the use of surfactants. PES membrane filters are used to remove coarse particulate from the sample stream. 可完全在水中进行完整性测试. The manufacturers claim that such membranes allow the filtration of greater volumes of sample than those made of PVDF. CELLTREAT Vacuum Filter Systems are ideal for large volume sample separation and purification. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. Choose from various sizes and membrane options. 45 µm pore size, gridded. They remove the need for the use of surfactants to improve dampness and comes with high flow rate and high load capacity. 0. The dead-stop volume for the 0. The filter membrane is Polyethersulfone (PES) material in 0. 45 µm 10 in. PES membrane is shown in Fig. 45 μm Pore Size. W. In this study, partial removal of PS-20 by 0. Their small pore sizes allow for nanofiltration and ultrafiltration to take place. Quick Order Sign in Use Choice PES (Polyethersulfone) Syringe Filters for IC samples, and filtration of tissue cultures, proteins, nucleic acids, and high-temperature liquids. Background Information. 5 mL) protein and nucleic acid solutions using our Biomax ® PES membrane. Solid particles > 0. Fax: 86-21-51687551. An extensive selection of glass, stainless steel, and plastic filter holders for use with cut disc membrane filters for liquid and gas filtration, including syringe filter holders, in-line filter. The PES membrane (WaterWorks microfilter only) may also be clogged. Expand. Filter Type: Ultrafiltration. They are used for sterilizing-grade filtration with a final membrane pore size of 0. IV in-line filters are classified by their pore size,. Filters containing Millipore Express® membranes provide broad chemical compatibilityValidation of the gDNA isolation method using the PES membrane filter . Absolute ratings from 0. Prefiltration and Depth Filters. OptiScale ® 25 Milligard ® PES Capsule FiltersClear Sorting & Filtering Show Filter Hide Filter; Catalogue Number Pore Size Connections (Inlet/Outlet) SMP2A25NB6: 1. mdi AseptiCap KS PES membrane large capsule filters are available in a wide range of pore sizes, sizes and end connections to suit a multitude of sterilization applications in biopharmaceuticals production processes. EZFlow® Membrane Disc Filter, PES, 0. 1 cast from cold gels together with PES/C0 from a hot gel are believed to be suitable for a ultrafiltration (UF), while a permeability is lower than 20 LMH/bar for a nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO), while the PES/C10 membrane showed greater fluxes more in keeping of a microfiltration membrane (MF). Posidyne® membrane in Kleenpak™ capsule, 0. Membrane filters serve as effective physical barriers that remove solids, viruses, bacteria, and other unwanted molecules. mdi syringe filter type SYPL have a PES membrane filter in a polypropylene housing. Extractables of PES Membrane Filters Identification, Lessons Learned and Rinsing Recommendation Uventia 2 nd Annual Extractables & Leachables Summit 2022 - 31 st of March 2022 Dr. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. So far, the PES membrane segment constituted a major share of the global membrane filters market, worth US$28,134. PES Membrane Filter, 0. Vent Filter GVS Vent Filters are available with different connectors and are individually packaged either sterile or non-sterile. State-of-the-art Filter products This is Chung Ah Filter, a Polyethersulfone(PES), Polysulfone(PS) membrane manufacturing company. 00; Ex Tax: $0. 22 25 SCGP00525 Steriflip®-GV Filter Unit Durapore® (PVDF) 0. 45 µm. Toll Free: 81-047-710-7392. It is designed to remove particulates during general filtration, and its. 2 or. 25 and 0. Overview of Non-Sterile Millex® Syringe Filters with PES Membrane: • Non-sterile Millex® syringe filters with Millipore Express® PLUS polyethersulfone (PES) membrane provide fast filtration of aqueous and mild organic solutions. 2-micron-rated validated sterilizing-grade membranes. For the preparation of the MMMs, homogeneous solutions were prepared by dissolving PES (20 wt%) in DMF and. 1. Pore size range: 0. An extensive selection of glass, stainless steel, and plastic filter holders for use with cut disc membrane filters for liquid and gas filtration, including syringe filter holders, in-line filter housings, and filter holders for vacuum and pressure filtration. Filters with Milligard® PES Membrane Wetting Instructions, Integrity Testing, Sterilizing and Drying Guidelines 5 Troubleshooting NOTE Drying and rewetting the filter prior to retesting can minimize integrity test failure. Fact-checking: Our AEF1 Supor™ IV in-line filters contain a PES membrane and therefore meet the drug manufacturer requirements. 7µm Pore Size - 1µm Pore Size - 2µm Pore Size - 2. 2 µm membrane as well as an optional built-in ZenFlo® highly asymmetric prefilter tailored to PES membrane filters are hydrophilic and produced from a polyethersulfone polymer membrane. 22 µm pore size membranes are rated as sterilizing grade, whereas 0. PES membranes. The single open ended (SOE) configuration is designed to fit into sanitary housings to ensure effective microbial reduction and assembly integrity. Mlllex®-GP Filter Unit (Sterile) A 33 mm diameter sterile syringe filter with a 0. More. We combine two asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) membrane layers with Advanced Pleat Technology in manufacturing LifeASSURE™ PDA Series Filter Cartridges, creating a filter that provides high throughput and fast flow. 2 µm. Hydrophilic, low protein/drug binding, minimal extractables, and broad chemical tolerance; ideal for pharmaceutical, medical, and life science applications. PES. 2 µm) Millipore Express® SHF (0. Related Products: 47 Mm Membrane. Discover our high-quality Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane filters for lab filtration. 45 µm 10 in. You will also find information on their product portfolio, including. SKU. The low level of extractables makes them suitable for environmental analysis, as well. However, high particulate content tends to rapidly clog. As shown in Figure 2, the PES membrane, with the addition of 0. It can provide good mechanical strength, thermal stability and broad chemical. 200=200m. Compare this item. 2/0. PES membranes are widely used in water treatment, protein and enzyme filtration steriliza-tion, biological fluid filtration sterilization, tissue culture media sterilization, and pharmaceutical sterilizing filtration. Assemble your Amicon Stirred Cell with the membrane of your choice. The preferred method for sterilizing injectable drug formulations using liposomes is to use filtration. Hydrophilic, low protein/drug binding, minimal extractables, and broad chemical tolerance; ideal for pharmaceutical, medical, and life science applications. Increase filtration efficiency. PES Membrane Filter, 0. Most of its solutions can provide excellent performance for the purpose of retention and recovery. Precipitation of the viruses can proceed overnight at 4 ℃ if needed. 2 micron pore size, 300 x 3000 mm roll. 这款PES膜过滤器具有永久亲水. MS® PES is an inherently hydrophilic membrane whose wettability has been proved extraordinary strong comparing to other membrane and that leads to its high. According to the manufacturer the. 1 Micron, 47mm 100/Pk Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. Hawach has developed a high flux sterilizing-grade PES membrane filter for the filtration of solvents, which is available in. 2/0. 45 µm pes filter and related products for scientific research at MilliporeSigma. Using prefiltration in sample preparation can prevent premature filter clogging or fouling. Complete Systems. 2 or. mdi Membrane Technologies. Features & Benefits: •Disc diameters include: 25, 44. T-series Centramate™ cassette, Omega PES membrane, 70 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), 0. 2 µm nominal filters typically provide ≥ 6. Traditionally, endotoxins have been removed by reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration membranes of a 10,000 NMWL cutoff12. For help determining which device would be best for your solution, call Millipore. polyamide membrane circles, (NL17), 0. Flat Sheet Membranes. Ultrafiltration is best with particles of roughly 10,000 to 1,000,000 MW. Name A-Z. Decide an appropriate pore size. Page 1 of 8. All Photos (2) PES Membrane Filter, 0. Prefiltration and Depth Filters. User Guide - Filters with Milligard®PES Membrane:Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. 1. Trade Name. 05% Fe 2 O 3 (M2) of 66 % while the PES pristine membrane showed the lowest value of FRR. They are designed to eliminate particulates during standard filtration, and its low protein and drug binding characteristics allow it to be ideally suited for use in life science applications. GSWP04700. 5 mm and 75 mm diameters. GVS Filter Technology. Steriflip®-GP Filter Unit Millipore Express® PLUS (PES) 0. 2 μm pore size prior to use. A 0. Pall® Supor® PES Membrane Disc Filters. Separation. 20um or 0. 1 micron pore size, 47 mm diameter, pack of 100. Filter Code: GPWP. Durapore® Membrane Filter, 0. It has been used in various separation processes such as gas separation, water filtration, and osmotic power generation. 设计特点：. Membrane Configurations PureFlo® Z Series PES capsules incorporate a final sterilizing grade 0. The 0. PES Membrane Separation By Hiroyasu Yamauchi. The unique asymmetric structure of Millipore Express ® PLUS membranes extends filtration capacity and lifetime, allowing them to tolerate higher particle loads and protein concentrations. 2 µm PES Membrane Filter Devices Types of Solutions Filtered Foetal Calf Serum 5% BSA MEM. 1 micron from to 5. Comes in a pack of 50. 2 µm pore size. 2 µm removal rating, 2300 cm² EFA, 1½ in. This strong, microporous film asymmetric membrane is constructed from a high-temperature polyethersulfone polymer that is acid and base resistant. Choose the right membrane to sterilize your liquids: Durapore PVDF Membrane. The systems consist of a polystyrene receiver bottle and filter funnel with filter membrane and a polyethylene neck adaptor with hose connector. Add to quote list. AAWG0250C. Millipore Express ® SHC filters have an on-board polyethersulfone membrane prefilter which protects the 0. 0. All Photos (1). The last line of defense against cell culture contamination—Nalgene Rapid Flow Filter Units and Bottle Tops are. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. Name A-Z; Name Z-A; Price L-H; Price H-L; BIAmaintenance Kit. The hydrophilic SteriLUX ® polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filter is available in discs,. Compare Product No. The last line of defense against cell culture contamination—Nalgene Rapid-Flow bottle tops are the best choice for. After adding SPSF to the PES membrane, the spectrum of the blended membrane shows a symmetrical stretching vibration peak of S O in the sulfonic acid group at 1048 cm −1, indicating that the sulfonic acid group was successfully introduced into the ultrafiltration membrane. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. AB05EKV2PH4. 1µm Pore Size - 0. 22 µm. This Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PDVF) hydrophilic membrane by GVS provides a way to sterilize filtration of…. (Optional) RPMI-10 (example of 500 ml preparation) 450 ml RPMI 1640 medium. 2 µm rated sterile filters, the industry specifically developed finer filter membranes (0. 2 µm PES Membrane Filter Devices Types of Solutions Filtered Foetal Calf Serum 5% BSA MEM 5cm² Filter. When viewing the membrane with reflected light at low incidence angles, each side has a somewhat. Product Description. 8. Shalaby, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001 4 PES Applications: Past, Present, and Future. Hydrophilic, low protein/drug binding, minimal extractables, and broad chemical tolerance; ideal for pharmaceutical, medical, and life science applications. The PES filter membrane material has a very low protein adsorption rate, which can ensure the stability of the components of the filtered drug solution, and is suitable for disposable precision filtration infusion sets and anesthesia drug solution filters. Fully encapsulated in single-use modules, the membranes used in the hollow fiber filter modules from Repligen are constructed using four chemistries that are anisotropic in structure to deliver high flux rates, excellent separation, and low protein binding for higher product yields. The Millipore Express PLUS membrane provides ultrafast filtration of tissue culture media, additives, buffers and other aqueous solutions. Does our AEF1 Supor™ IV in-line filter meet the drug manufacturer requirements to use a membrane with a 0. 05% Fe 2 O 3 (M2) of 66 % while the PES pristine membrane showed the lowest value of FRR. PES membrane filter is characterized by non-hydrophobic or hydrophilic interaction, low pollution, wide fluid range, and pH range,. Millipore Express. 3% per annum from 2017 to 2025 to extent a. 22 µm Pore 54. It is also. Membrane Filters PES Polyethersulfone. Technical Support Customer Service. Hydrophilic, fast flow polyethersulfone (PES) membrane filters for aqueous filtration. 45um pore size. Testing Millex ® Syringe Filters with Water Samples using Modified EPA 537. Polyether sulfone (PES) MEMBRANE FILTER. Its strength and durability are advantageous during usage that involves aggressive handling or automated equipment. Proper rinsing, sanitization and storage are however just. Good processability due to high mechanical strength. The larger 50 mm diameter disc filter has a PTFE membrane and polypropylene housing with hose barb connectors and is ideal for filtering aggressive. Upper chamber of filter units is clearly marked with pore size, membrane type, catalog number, lot number and expiration date. 1µm/0. J. Prefiltration to improve filter performance can also be accomplished by the use of glass fiber prefilters that can be purchased separately. PES membranes and exclusive Rapid-Flow design provide fast flow rates and high throughput while defending against cell culture contamination. Download: English Ultipor 50 family. Recommended Products. 5 and 0. They are available in pore sizes ranging from 0. Johnson Test Paers’ PES membrane filters are hydrophilic filters constructed from pure polyethersulfone polymer that is a tough, durable, and temperature-resistant aromatic polymer. Biologically inert mixtures of cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate have made MF-Millipore™ membrane filters one of the most widely used membranes in analytical and research applications. Pricing. This PES membrane filter is permanently hydrophilic, with broad chemical compatibility and extremely low extractable levels in a wide range of fluids and applications. (PES) membrane filters. Sartorius produces a wide variety of microporous membranes for the biotechnology industry, including PES (polyethersulfone) membranes. The cartridges are constructed from one layer of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane in a laid-over pleat configuration. Nalgene™ Rapid-Flow™ Sterile Disposable Bottle Top Filters with PES, CN, SFCA or Nylon Membranes. Sterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 1. 61. Design Features. This study includes the fabrication of highly sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES)/polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes with superior properties for effective oil/water separation. Find 0. SLGP033NS. 22 µm and 0. Catalogue Number. NF membranes are porous and can filter species ranging from 0. PES (Polyethersulfone). PES membranes. Model 1234K63 filter cap has a 500 mL capacity and fits a 45 mm neck size bottle. 1 or 0. Mlllex®-GP Filter Unit (Sterile) A 33 mm diameter sterile syringe filter with a 0. ** Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes are known for their thermal stability, durability, and resistance to acidic and alkaline solutions. A trusted name in the industry, Millipore Express® filters contain hydrophilic polyethersulfone (PES) membranes that offer sterilizing-grade filtration with high flux and capacity. 2. Polyethersulfone PES. 5 kDa), this would be 1. Description Pricing; CMP473TS1: pore size 1. Medium, buffer filtration -- PES membrane. From single-layer high flow solutions to specific Mycoplasma retentive filters, Sartopore ® 2. Toll Free: 400-820-0293. Choosing the right membrane filter is critical to the success of your process. Hydrophilic, low protein/drug binding, minimal extractables, and broad. Find 0. Each gridded disc filter is sterilized by gamma…. Roberto MenzelSterlitech PES (polyethersulfone) membrane filters, 0. Pall’s wide range of capsule filters is used for efficient filtration of liquids and fluids. 2 | 0. Bottle-top filters are used in research laboratories for sterilization or laboratory fluid clarification. More PES Filtration Membrane. GVS UltraSep PES Membrane Filters; Polyethersulfone. Materials and Methods. PES filters have an extremely asymmetrical pore structure which allows increased dirt loading capacity. Filter through a 0. Hydrophilic, high flow rates, low non-specific protein adsorption, and chemical resistance. 22 µm, polyethersulfone, 33 mm, gamma sterilized A 33 mm diameter sterile syringe filter with a 0. The hydrophilic PES membrane does not require pre-wetting with IPA and flushing with DI water thereby eliminating a potential source of contamination and hazardous waste. Description Pricing; CMP471TS1: pore size 1. Using our Acrodisc™ Sterile Syringe Filters with Supor™ (PES) Membrane (0. Four flat sheet membranes were prepared by. Catalog number: 290-3320. 2 mm pore size. The highly asymmetrical pore structure of our PES flat membrane offers an excellent. Products Building Blocks Explorer Genes Papers Technical Documents Site Content Chromatograms. These filters have applications in pre-filtration and sterilizing filtration in the pharmaceutical, biological, and bioprocess. 2. 0. 45 µm or larger filter membranes. Pore Size - 0. As the first and best source technology company in Korea, we will strive to become the global No. General description. Aims: Recovering DNA of airborne micro-organisms (AM) from air is a challenging task. 4 million in 2016, and expect to grow at a rate of 9.